INTRODUCTION:

India is the second most populous country with more than 1.38 billion population after China in the globe and the country population growth expected to surpass China within the year 2030 to become the most populous country in the world.¹ Similarly, the Population policy of India estimates in the year 2045 population stabilization in the country.^2,3 In this connection report says census after India’s Independence in the year 1947 the country population was only 68 percent of China and the recent data suggests the high percentage of 95 percent of China population.⁴ The UN report 2005 suggests in its reports “Population challenges and development goals” that with this projection India will overtake China by the year 2030 though it was earlier estimated to overtake by 2050.^5,6,7 In verse of that now population control is required with a limit to ensure better standard of living for all.^7,8,9

Furthermore, very scanty evidences found which describes population growth in Odisha state where most of the studies conducted in its determinants and this paper found suitable with its objectives. The objectives of the study were to understand the demographic scenario of Baripada town and the increase in population; secondly to see the patterns of population and the population composition of Baripada town.

METHODOLOGY:

Area and people:

The study was conducted in the Baripada town of Mayurbhanj district, Odisha. The total geographical area of the Baripada lying at latitude 21.94′ N and longitude 87.72′ E is situated on the bank of the Burhabalnga and is the headquarters of district of Mayurbhanj. The total geographical area of Baripada town is 20 square kilometers and the town is segregated to total 28 numbers of wards. The studied area is mostly a tribal dominated region and the people of the place are mostly indigenous and the town is well connected to the capital of Odisha by both rail and road. The Baripada town is mostly tribal dominated and the major tribal inhabitants of the district includesSantal, Kolha, Bathudi, Bhuyanand Bhumija. Besides some of the minor tribes like Lodha, Mankidia, Hill kharia also found. The town is a home for Scheduled caste, other backward class, socio economic class and general population.

Data collection:

Review of literature was done from the secondary sources which shown the potential study of this demographic scenario of Baripada town resemble the gap which could be a good study on the basis of what the topic was selected. Then the data were collected from the field by using some of the secondary sources like the Census data were used and some of the data were collected from the Statistical survey unit of Baripada town. Collected data were interpreted by using some of the statistical tool like SPSS 20.0 ad Microsoft Excel 2007.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Table No. 1: Total Population Growth of Baripada town

Years	Total population	Increase/ decrease	%
1961	20,301	-	-
1971	28,725	8,424	41.49%
1981	40,314	11,584	40.34%
1991	49,619	9,305	23.08%
2001	95,004	45,385	91.46%
2011	1,16,874	21,870	23.02%

Source: Census of India

The above table shows, that the total population of Baripada town was 20,301in 1961 census. But due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total population was 28,725 and 40,314 increase population was 8,424 and 4,584, and the percentage are 41.49 and 40.34 respectively. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population was 49,619 and 95,004, increase population was 9,305 and 45,385, and the percentage was 23.08 and 91.46. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 1,16,874, increase population is 21,870 and the percentage is 23.02. The population year 1991-2001 shows the highest population growth in between the 5 decade which is found to be 91.46 percent.

The table-2 shows, that the total population growth for general, scheduled tribe and scheduled caste of Baripada town described below in 1961 census, the total population were 15,836, 1848 and 2,617 respectively. But due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be mention in the table and could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total population of general, ST and SC were 23,445, 1,920, 3,360 and 32,890, 3,133 and 3,360, and the increase population were 9,445, 1,213, 743 and 7,572, 624, 931 and the percentage are 48.04% and 40.28%, 3.89% and 63.17%, 28.39% and 27.70%. Likewise in 1991 and 2001 census, 40,462 and 72,446, 3757 and 12,995, 5400 and 9563 was the total population, 7572 and 31,984, 624 and 9238 the total population 1109 and 4163 increase population and 23.02% and 79.04%, 19.91% and, 25.84% and 77.09% are the percentage. Lastly in2011 census, the total population are 83,514, 20,603, 12,757 and increase population are 11,068, 7608 and 3194 and percentage are 15.27%, 58.54% and 33.39% respectively.

Table No. 2: Total Population Growth for General, ST and SC

Years	Total general population	Increase /decrease	%	Total ST population	Increase /decrease	%	Total SC population	Increase /decrease	%
1961	15,836	-	-	1848	-	-	2617	-	-
1971	23,445	7609	48.04%	1920	72	3.68%	3360	743	28.39%
1981	32,890	9445	40.28%	3133	1231	63.17%	4291	931	27.70%
1991	40,462	7572	23.02%	3757	624	19.91%	5400	1109	25.84%
2001	72,446	31,984	79.04%	12,995	9238	-	9563	4163	77.09%
2011	83,514	11,068	15.27%	20,609	7608	58.54%	12,757	3194	33.39%

Source: Census of India

Table No. 3: Total Population Composition for Gender of Baripada

Years	Total population	Males	Increase/decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase/decrease	Percentage
1961	20,302	11,407	-	-	8,894	-	-
1971	28,725	15,890	4,483	39.30%	12,835	3,941	44.31%
1981	40,314	21,870	5,980	37.63%	18,444	5,609	43.70%
1991	49,619	26,715	4,845	22.15%	22,904	4,460	24.18%
2001	95,004	50,652	23,937	89.60%	44,352	21,448	93.64%
2011	11,6874	60,535	9,883	19.51%	56,339	11,987	27.02%

Source: Census of India

Table No. 4: Total Population Composition for Scheduled tribe sex ratio of Baripada town

Years	Total ST population	Males	Increase/decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase/decrease	Percentage
1961	1,848	1,133	-	-	715	-	-
1971	1,920	1,092	457	38.72%	828	113	15.80%
1981	3,133	1,637	457	38.72%	1,496	756	91.30%
1991	3,757	1,990	353	21.56%	1,767	271	18.11%
2001	12,995	7,047	5,057	-	5,948	4,181	-
2011	20,603	10,383	3,336	47.33%	10,220	4,272	71.82%

Source: Census of India

Table No. 5: Total Population Composition for Scheduled Caste sex ratio of Baripada

Years	Total Sc’s population	Males	Increase /decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase/decrease	Percentage
1961	2,617	1,355	-	-	1,262	-	-
1971	3,360	1,701	346	25.54%	1,659	397	31.45%
1981	4,291	2,170	469	27.58%	2,120	461	27.78%
1991	5,400	2,814	644	29.68%	2,586	466	21.98%
2001	9,563	4,933	2,119	75.30%	4,630	2,044	79.04%
2011	12,757	6,438	1,505	30.50%	6,359	1,729	37.34%

Source: Census of India

The above table-3 shows, that the total population composition for gender of Baripada town described below in 1961census, the total population was 20,301 which consists 11,407 males and 8,894 females. But due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be mentioned in the table and could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981 census, which were 15890, 21870 males and 12,835, 18,444 females and increase population were 4,483, 5980 males and 3,941, 5609 females and the percentage are 39.30%, 37.63% males and 44.31%, 43.70% females. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, 49,619 and 95,004 the total population, which consists 26,715, 50,652 males and22904, 44352 females, and increase population were 4845, 23937 males and 4460, 21,448, and the percentage are 22.15%, 89.60% males 24.18%, 93.64% females. Lastly in 2011 census, total population is 1,16,874 which is 60,535 males 56,339 females and increases population is 9,883 males and 11,987 females and the percentage is males 19.51% and females 27.02% respectively.

The above table-4 shows, that the total population composition or structure for scheduled tribe sex ratio of Baripada town described below in 1961 census, the total population was 1,848 which was having 1,133 males and 715 females. But due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be mention in the table and could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total population was 1,920, 3,133 which having 1092, 1637 males and 828, 1496 females. And increase population were 41, 457 males and 113, 756 females and 3.61%, 38.72% males and 15.80%, 91.30% females percentages. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population 3,757and 12,995 which having 1990, 7047 males and 1767, 5948 females, and increase population were males 353, 5057 and females 271, 4181 and in1991 census the percentage was 21.56% males and 18.11% females. Lastly in 2011 censes, the total population is 20,603, which has males 10,383 and 10,220 females and increase population is 3336 males and 4272 females and the percentage is 47.33% males and 71.82% females respectively.

The above table-5 shows, that the total population composition or structure for scheduled caste sex ratio of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population 2617, which having 1355 males and 1262 females. But due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be mention in the table and could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981census, the total population were 3360, 4291 which consists 1701, 2170 males and 1659, 2120 females, and increase population were 346, 469 males and 397, 461 females and the percentage are 25.54%, 27.58% males and 31.45%, 27.78% females respectively. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population 5400, 9563, which were 2814, 4933 males and 2586, 4630 females and increase population were 644, 2119 males and 466, 2044 females and the percentage are 29.98%, 75.35% males and 21.98%, 79.04% females respectively. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 12,757 which is 6438 males and 6359 females, increase population is 1505 males and 1729 females and the percentage is 30.50% males and 37.34% females.

Table No. 6: The Population sex ratio of Baripada

Years	Total population	Males	Females	No. of females per 1000 males
1961	20,301	11,407	8,894	750
1971	28,725	15,890	12,835	808
1981	40,314	21,878	18,441	843
1991	49,619	26,715	22,904	858
2001	95,005	50,652	44,352	876
2011	1,16,874	60,489	56,360	931

Source: Census of India

The above table-6 shows, that the population sex ratio of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population was 20301, which was 11,407 males and 8,894 females, the sex ratio was 780. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total population was 28,725 and 40,314, which consists 15,890 and 21,878 males and 12,835 and 18,441 females respectively. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population 49,619 and 95004, which were 26,715 and 50,652 males and 22,904, 44,352 females and the sex ratio were 858 and 876 respectively. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 1,16,874, which is 60,489 males and 56,360 females and the sex ratio is 931.

Table No. 7: The General Population sex ratio of Baripada

Years	Total general population	Males	Females	No. of females per 1000 males
1961	15,836	8919	6917	776
1971	23,445	13,009	10,436	803
1981	32,990	18,071	14,925	826
1991	40,462	21,911	18,551	845
2001	72,446	38,672	33,774	874
2011	83,514	43,668	39,781	911

Source: Census of India

The above table-7 shows, that the population for general population sex ratio of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population was15,836, which consists 8919 males and 6917 females and sex ratio was 776. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total populations were 23,445 and 32,990, which were 13,009 and 18,071 males and 10,436 and 14,925 females and sex ratio were 803 and 826. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population were 40,462 and 72,446 which were 21,911 and 38,672 males and 18,551 and 33,774 females and the sex ratio were 845 and 874 respectively. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 83,514 which are 43,668 males and 39,781 females and the sex ratio is 911.

Table No. 8: The Population for Scheduled Tribe sex ratio of Baripada

Years	Total ST population	Males	Females	No. of females per 1000 males
1961	1,848	1,133	715	631
1971	1,920	1,092	828	758
1981	3,133	1,637	1,496	914
1991	3,757	1,990	1,767	888
2001	12,995	7,047	5,948	845
2011	20,603	10,383	10,220	985

Source: Census of India

The above table-8 shows, that the population for scheduled tribes sex ratio of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population was 1,848 which consists 1,133 males and 715 females and sex ratio was 631. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total populations were 1,920 and 3,133, which were 1,092 and 1,637 males and 828 and 1,496 females and sex ratio were 758 and 914. Similarly, 1991 and 2001 census, the total population were 3,757 and 12,995, which were 1,990 and 7,047 males and 1,767 and 5,948 females and sex ratio were 888 and 845. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 20,603 which consists 10,383 males and 10,220 females and sex ratio is 985.

Table No. 9: The Population for Scheduled Caste sex-ratio of the Baripada

Years	Total SCs population	Males	Females	No. of females per 1000 males
1961	2617	1355	1262	932
1971	3360	1739	1621	932
1981	4291	2170	2120	977
1991	5400	2814	2586	919
2001	9563	4933	4630	939
2011	12,757	6438	6359	988

Source: Census of India

The above table-9 shows, that the population for scheduled castes for sex-ratio of the Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population was 2617, which consists 1355 males and 1262 females and the sex-ratio was 932. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total populations were 3,360 and4291 which consists 1701, 2170 males and 1659, 2120 females and the sex-ratio were 975 and 977 respectively. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total population were 5400, 9563 which having 2814, 4933 males and2586, 4630 females and the sex-ratio were 919 and 939. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 12,757 which are 6438 males and 6359 females and the sex-ratio is 988.

Table No. 10: The Total Literate Population of Baripada

Years	Total literate population	Males	Increase/decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase/decrease	Percentage
1961	11297	7793	-	-	3504	-	-
1971	17427	9713	1920	24.63	7714	4210	-
1981	22110	13055	3342	34.40	9055	1341	17.38
1991	29560	17780	4725	36.19	11780	2725	30.09
2001	71925	41131	23351	-	30794	19014	-
2011	93463	50763	9632	23.41	42700	11906	38.66

Source: Census of India

The above table-10 shows, that the total population for literate of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census, the total population was 11,297. But due to non- availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be analyzed here. In 1971 and 1981 census, the total population was 17,427 and 22,110 which consists 9713,13055 males and 7714, 9055 females and increase population were1920, 3342 males and 4210, 1341 females and the percentage were 24.63%, 34.40% males and 17.38% respectively. Similarly in 1991 and 2001 census, the total populations were 29,560 and 71,925 which consists 17,780,41131 males and 11178, 30794 females, the increase populations were 4725, 23,351males and 2725, 19,014 females and the percentage were 36.19% males and 30.09% females respectively. Lastly in 2011 census, the total population is 93,463 which is 50,763 males and 42,700 females and the increase population is 9632 males and 11,906 females and the percentage is 23.41% males and 38.66% females.

The table-11 shows, that the population for illiterate of Baripada town describes below in 1961 census, the total population was 9004, but due to non-availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population abed percentage could not be analyzed here. In 1971, 1981 censuses, the total populations were 11298, 18204, which consists 6177, 8815 males and 5121, 9389 females, increase populations were 2563, 2638 males 269, 4268 females and the percentage were 70.91% and 42.70% males and 4.995, 83.34% females respectively. Similarly, in 1991, 2001 censuses, the total populations were 20059 and 23079, which consists 8935, 9521 males 11124, 13558 females, increase populations were 120, 586 males 1740, 2429 females and the percentage were 1.36%, 6.55% males 18.53%,21.82% females respectively. Lastly, in 2011 census, the total population is 23, 386. Which is 9726 males 13660 females, increase population is 205 males 102 females and the percentage is 2.16%males and 0.75% females. As far literacy is a factor of the population composition the literacy rate in the total population decreasing in both the gender and in the year 2011 it shows the lowest literacy rate in the studied area i.e., 2.16 in male and 0.5 percentage in the female category. No significant change and improvement seen in case of the tribal population also. So plan execution is needed at the ground level in the studied area, though there are good educational establishment found in the studied town is still policy level implementation is needed at the district to meet good literacy rate a positive growth in the population composition in the studied area.

The table-12 shows, that the population of scheduled tribe for literate of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census has non availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be analyzed here. In 1971 census, the total ST literate population was 1020, which consists 918 males 102 females. In 1981 and 1991 census, the total ST literate populations were 1766 and 3221, which were 1018,1870 males, 748,1351 females, and the increase population were 100,852 males 646,603 females, and the percentage were 10.89%,83.69% males respectively. Similarly, in2001 and 2011 census, the total ST populations were 7607, 19,770. Which consists 4775, 9895 males 2832, 9875 females and the increase populations were 2905,5720 males and 1481, 7043 females respectively.

Table No. 11: The Illiterate Population of Baripada

Years	Total illiterate population	Males	Increase /decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase /decrease	Percentage
1961	9004	3614	-	-	5390	-	-
1971	11298	6177	2563	70.91	5121	269	4.99
1981	18204	8815	2638	42.70	9389	4268	83.34
1991	20059	8935	120	1.36	11124	1740	18.53
2001	23079	9521	586	6.55	13558	2429	21.82
2011	23386	9726	205	2.16	13660	182	0.75

Source: Census of India

Table No. 12: The Population of Scheduled Tribe for Literate of Baripada

Years	Total ST’s population	Males	Increase /decrease	Percentage	Females	Increase/decrease	Percentage
1961	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1971	1020	918	-	-	102	-	-
1981	1766	1018	100	10.89	748	646	-
1991	3221	1870	852	83.69	1351	603	-
2001	7607	4775	2905	-	2832	1481	-
2011	19770	9895	5120	-	9875	7043	-

Source: Census of India

Table No. 13: The Population of Scheduled Tribe for Illiterate

Years	Total ST’ illiterate population	Males	Increase/decrease	%	Females	Increase/decrease	%
1961	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1971	900	174	-	-	726	-	-
1981	1367	619	445	-	748	22	3.03
1991	536	120	499	83.69	416	332	44.38
2001	5388	2272	2152	-	3116	2700	-
2011	833	488	1784	78.52	345	2771	88.92

Source: Census of India

The above table-13 shows, that the population of scheduled tribe for illiterate of Baripada town describe below in 1961 census has non availability of information regarding increase/decrease of population and percentage could not be analyzed here. In 1971 census, the total ST illiterate population was 900, which consists 174 males and 726 females. In 1981 and 1991 census, the total ST illiterate populations were 1367,536 which consists 619,120 males 748,416 females. Increase populations were 445,499 males 22,332 females and the percentage was 80.60% males 3.03%, 44.38% females respectively. Similarly in 2001 and 2011 census, the total ST illiterate populations were 5388, 833 which consists 2272,488 males 3116,345 females. And the increase populations were 2152, 1784 males and 2700, 2771 females. The percentage was 78.52% males and 88.92% females respectively.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

On the total census of Baripada town, the male population is higher and the female are lower. The population growth, in 1961 census¹⁰, 20,301 is the total population and 28725 is the total population in the year of 1971¹⁰. The increase population is 8424. Similarly in 2001 census¹¹, the population is 95004 and in 2011 census, the total population is 116874. And the increase population is 21870.the population growth for general, scheduled tribes and scheduled caste, in 1961 census the total population are 15836, 1848 and 2617. In 1971 census, 27445, 1920 and 3360 are total population. And the increase population are 7609, 72 and 743 respectively. The population structure, in 1961 census 11407 males and 8894 females. In 1971 census, 15890 males and 12835 females and increase population are 4483 males and 3941 females. Similarly, in 2011 census, 60535 males and 56339 females and increase population are 9883 males 11987 females. So, males are higher than females. Similarly, ST’s and SCs for population structure, in 1961 census 1133, 1355 males and 715, 1262 females. In 2001 census, populations are 7047 and 4933 males 5948 and 4630 females. In 2011 census 10,383 and 6438 males 10220 and 6359 females the increase population are 3336 and 1505 males 4272 and 1729 females respectively. The population sex-ratio, number of females per 1000 males in 1961 census, the sex-ratio is 780, in 1971 census, the sex-ratio is 931 is. The total literate population is 11297 in 1961 census 7793 males and 3504 females. And increase population 1920 males and 4210 females in the year of 1971 for literate population. In 2001 census, 41131 males and 30794 females’ were literate population. And increase literate population 9632 males and 11906 females in 2011 census. The illiterate population is 9004, in 1961 census, 3614 males and 5390 females and increase population for illiterate is 2563 males and 269 females. In 2011 census males is 9726 and females is 13660. In this case, females are higher than males. The total economy population is 5586 males and 904 females and non-economy population is 5821 males and 7990 females in 1961 census. And increase economy population for males 2255 and decrease economy population for females 168. In 2011 census, economy population for males is 4054 and 2658 females, and non-economy population is 28639 males and 47963 females.

The table-1 represents the total population growth of Baripada town in between 1961 to 2011 census which represents the massive increase in the population of Baripada town in the period. It shows the highest increase of the population in between the year 1991 to 2001. Similarly, in comparison in the table 2 between 1971 to 2001 the general population composition has been increased drastically and in the Scheduled tribe population in the year 1981 and 2001 the composition in population get affected and in the Scheduled caste population there is a significant growth in the population which shows a rampant increase in the population and is a factor for the population increase in Baripada town. In comparison to the population composition of the total population in the Baripada town there is a good increase in the female number with comparison to the male number. The significant increase in the female population can be seen in between the 1971 to 2001 which shows a positive population composition growth in female population in Baripada town. In this regard the population composition in the male category increase in the number can be seen in 2001 only which shows a good sex ratio in the studied area. Not only in the general population the same observation can be seen in the population of the scheduled tribe and scheduled caste population, hence which denotes a good population composition can be seen in the studied population though the studied area is a remote area in connection with the demographic analysis with reference to comparison with the other parts of Odisha.^12,13 The total population sex ratio in the studied area is increasing, in comparison to the three-category population i.e., in context of Scheduled tribe, scheduled caste, general population the sex ratio also increasing.¹⁴

Very scanty evidences found on the demographic aspects of Odisha state. Most of the study in Odisha contexts postulating several theories on determinants, implication of population and future developments where the root of the population problem is the unprecedented population growth in regions especially in the rural sectors and the tribal regions. Understanding of the population growth and providing people awareness regarding it will be an important formula. Most importantly the relevant policy framing for the problems and its implementation in ground level is needed.

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Received on 31.08.2025 Revised on 26.09.2025

Accepted on 18.10.2025 Published on 07.11.2025

Available online from November 20, 2025

Res. J. of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2025;16(4):249-255.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2025.00041

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